Moreover, elevated hydrostatic pressure has been linked to atrial electrophysiological remodeling and inflammatory responses, by dampening the L-type calcium current, enhancing the transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium currents, and upregulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), all of which can increase susceptibility to atrial fibrillation [205]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atrial fibrillation.