MTOR and cancer: PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways and HIF-1 are central regulators of angiogenesis, glycolysis, cancer metabolism, and cancer cell proliferation, which are essential processes for regulating the Warburg effect [127–131].Serine proteases (such as NE and PR3) can promote glycolytic metabolism in cancer cells by activating pathways such as HIF-1α or PI3K [132, 133].