PIK3CA and cancer: In tumor progression, moderate levels of ROS can aid tumor growth by activating various signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis, such as MAPK and PI3K/Akt [92–95].In advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), MYC and MCL1 are often co-amplified and synergistically contribute to ROS production, maintaining chemoresistant cancer stem cells.