VCP and neoplasm: Deletion of Vcp in tumor cells augmented the cytotoxicity of CD8+T cells (Fig. 2b), induced apoptosis in tumor cells (Supplementary Fig. 3a), lessened CD8+T cell apoptosis (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. 3b), and upregulated the level of cytokines GzmB and IFN-γ (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. 3c, d), consistent with our in vivo observations.