VCP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Significantly, to produce a murine strain with liver-specific deletion of Vcp (Vcpf/f; Alb-Cre), we crossed Vcpf/f mice with Alb-Cre mice, followed by Vcpf/f; Alb-Cre and Vcpf/f mice were used to establish spontaneous HCC model by tail vein plasmid injection (Supplementary Fig. 8h, i).