TRPV1 and vitiligo: However, the first clues involving TRPV1 as part of the underlying mechanisms came from studies with capsaicin, which, at the micromolar range, showed anti-inflammatory action in murine macrophages and liver exposed to LPS [83,84] and on human keratinocytes from vitiligo lesions [85] and gastric epithelial cells exposed to Helicobacter pylori [86].