For example, in invasive breast cancer, cancer cells induce tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs) to release oncostatin M (OSM) by producing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and through cell–cell contact, which induces cancer cells to produce VEGF, promotes tumour blood vessels and increases cancer cell invasion ability [87]. Here, CSF2 is linked to invasive breast carcinoma.