Biguanide (metformin), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, alogliptin, evogliptin, gemigliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, teneligliptin, vildagliptin), thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone), Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, tirzepatide), Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, canagliflozin, sotagliflozin) and insulin are extensively used for the management of T2DM. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.