ID3 and endothelial dysfunction: In summary, the interaction between ID proteins and environmental toxicants like BPA and PCBs plays a significant role in health, influencing conditions such as metabolic health, neurocognitive disorders, and vascular health, with PCB-induced microvascular lesions resulting from a multifaceted interplay of oxidative stress, ID3 overexpression, neovascularization, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances [47,108,109].