A variety of signals, such as TGF-β, OX40L, PD1, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and B7-H3, mediate the cross-talk between CAFs and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which is crucial for the maintenance of the CAF phenotype and the transition among the different CAF subtypes (92, 100). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.