TNF and skin cancer: These findings align with prior research indicating that skin cancer is a prevalent malignancy following the administration of TNF-α inhibitors, and that the early use of azathioprine serves as an independent risk factor for malignancies affecting the hematopoietic system (Beaugerie et al., 2009; Kakuta et al., 2022; Khan et al., 2022; Peyrin-Biroulet et al., 2011; Sato et al., 2020).