TNF and Insulin resistance: Circulating LPS associates with CD14-Toll-like receptor, facilitated by CD14, thereby activating TLR-4, which subsequently activates the transcription factor NF-κB, initiating the expression of inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, etc.), provoking a cascade of nonspecific inflammatory responses and resulting in the onset of insulin resistance (Mohammad and Thiemermann, 2020).