ATG16L1 and infection: Our results indicate that after the infection autophagic genes [Beclin-1 (p ≤ 0.03), UVRAG (p ≤ 0.03), Atg5 (p ≤ 0.01), Atg12 (p ≤ 0.01) and Atg16L (p ≤ 0.03)] are upregulated in contrast to the control group (Table 3; Figure 4).