AIF1 and Parkinson disease: Furthermore, exercise training led to the downregulation of cell surface markers CD11c/b in innate immune cells, as well as ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) in the nigrostriatum of various animal models (Palasz et al., 2019b; Gil-Martinez et al., 2018), and downregulated GFAP expression in the striatum which prevented the neuronal inflammation in 6-OHDA and MPTP induced PD models (Fallah Mohammadi et al., 2019; Dutra et al., 2012; Vitorino et al., 2022; Al-Jarrah and Jamous, 2011).