TNF and Parkinsonism: Exercise training reduced nigrostriatal neuronal inflammation across different Parkinson’s models by preventing α-synuclein aggregation, inhibiting the TLR/MYD88/IκBα signaling cascade, and decreasing innate immune cells Iba-1 and GFAP, the transcription factor NF-κB, and pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-1β, while increasing anti-inflammatory markers IL-10 and TGF-β.