The mean level of antibodies directed against bacterial antigens in sera of patients with PBC was also higher than in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: 80 ± 44 vs. 45 ± 17 RU/ml, p < 0.0001 for anti-Cpn; 60 ± 33 vs. 41 ± 16 RU/ml, p = 0.003 for anti-Hp; 36 ± 30 vs. 23 ± 5 RU/ml; p = 0.059 for anti- M. pneumoniae, 59 ± 50 vs. 20 ± 8 RU/ml, p < 0.0001 for anti- Y. enterolitica, and 6.8 ± 2.6 vs. 4.0 ± 2.1 units/ml, p = 0.0001for anti-E.coli (Supplementary Figures 1-5). The gene discussed is HP; the disease is alcoholic liver cirrhosis.