AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: The cost-effectiveness of HCC surveillance among non-cirrhotic CHB patients have not been re-examined since 1999 when Collier, Krahn and Sherman, in an unpublished study, reported HCC surveillance with biannual liver ultrasound and AFP would be cost-effective (at a willingness to pay at $50,000 per life year gained) in HBV carriers over 30 years of age with an annual HCC risk of 0.2% or greater and would prolong life by 90 days.