TNF and colorectal carcinoma: Studies have shown that in mice with IBD and CRC, CB not only effectively modulates the gut microbiota composition and reduces pathogenic bacteria in the intestine but also diminishes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (20).