IL4 and neoplasm: Regarding the underlying therapeutic mechanisms in IBD and colitis-associated CRC, we hypothesize that (i) In IBD model, CB and AKK co-administration may restore the balance between Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera in the gut, promoting the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, thereby effectively suppressing colonic inflammatory responses, and (ii) in colitis-associated CRC model, CB and AKK co-treatment may mitigate excessive infiltration of macrophages and CD8+ T cells in the colon, preventing an overactive immune response during anti-tumor therapy.