TNF and asthma: In the Copenhagen Prospective Study of Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) birth cohort, colonization of the hypopharynx of neonates with Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae induced a mixed T helper (Th) cell type 1/Th2/Th17 response with high levels of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and MIP‐1β in the airway mucosal lining fluid, whereas Staphylococcus aureus colonization promoted a Th17‐related cytokine.95