Furthermore, PD enhance insulin secretion, alleviate insulin resistance, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, reduce hepatic lipid deposition, suppress inflammation and oxidative stress, lower uric acid accumulation, and modulate bone metabolism by influencing vital signaling pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular apoptosis (Tang et al., 2022; Luo et al., 2022; Yuan et al., 2022). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.