Extracellular HMGB1 drives cellular damage and inflammatory cascades in renal ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) and plays a pivotal role in acute kidney injury (AKI) onset via Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α/HMGB1 inflammatory signalling (Wu et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is acute kidney injury.