IRF1 and atherosclerosis: In particular, STAT1, STAT2, and STAT3 (Szelag et al., 2016; Plens-Galaska et al., 2018) and IRF1, IRF4, IRF5, IRF8, and IRF9 (Döring et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014a; Guo et al., 2015; Cheng et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017; Seneviratne et al., 2017; Clément et al., 2018; Antonczyk et al., 2019; Leipner et al., 2021) have recently been recognized as prominent modulators of inflammation, especially in immune and vascular cells during atherosclerosis.