OCLN and digestive system disorder: Adequate levels of Claudin-1 are essential for preventing the leakage of pathogens and toxins into the bloodstream, and its disruption is linked to various gastrointestinal disorders and increased intestinal permeability (Safari et al., 2023), commonly known as “leaky gut.” Occludin is an integral membrane protein in tight junctions that plays a crucial role in maintaining barrier function and regulating cell-to-cell adhesion (Torices et al., 2023).