In addition, it has reported that chemotherapy can exert synergistic anti-tumor effects with immunotherapy and targeted therapy in various types of cancer (Ye et al., 2023; Tubridy et al., 2024), and many studies have also demonstrated that HAIC combined with PD-1 inhibitors and TKIs can improve survival outcomes for advanced HCC (Zhang et al., 2023; Lin et al., 2023). Here, PDCD1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.