CD4 and neoplasm: At all time-points, treatment with VVL-m12, but not VV CTRL or PBS resulted in significant increase in CD4+ TIL, and more predominantly CD8+ TIL, in the tumor tissue demonstrating that VVL-m12 acts primarily via adaptive CD4+ TIL and CD8+ TIL to mediate antitumor effects in this model (Figures 4A–C).