Another study of 294 Japanese patients with NSCLC found that PFS was significantly longer in those taking probiotics, including Bifidobacterium (BIOFERMIN and LAC-B), CBM588 (MIYA-BM), and antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria, at the time of anti-PD-1 therapy initiation compared to those not taking probiotics (52). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.