TNF and neoplasm: This leads to potentiation of HIF-1α which drives angiogenesis, and consequent reabsorption of dying adipocytes stimulates macrophage and leucocytes to secrete inflammatory chemokines (e.g. CCL7, CXCL1), cytokines (e.g. TNF, IL-6, IL-8) and growth factors (TGF-β) contributing to tumor growth and invasion (120–122).