IGF1 and neoplasm: Another study by the same group demonstrated that SCFA supplementation (in the form of acetate, butyrate, and propionate) to phosphatase and tensin homologue (Pten) knockout mice enhanced tumor growth via insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) potentiation through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling (22).