Microbes in the prostate TME, through inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), can potentiate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which induces tumor cell proliferating pathways including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways (74). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.