DYRK1A and Down syndrome: DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A), a protein kinase located in the Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21, plays a major role in early neural commitment, precursor proliferation, neurogenesis, as well as in postembryonic neuronal development and degeneration, and, therefore, cognitive functioning early in life and across the lifespan (Wegiel et al., 2011; Cortes et al., 2024).