DYRK1A and Intellectual disability: DYRK1A syndrome is characterized by haploinsufficiency, or under expression of DYRK1A, as well as developmental delay and intellectual disability, speech problems, microcephaly, and other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Van Bon et al., 2016; Fenster et al., 2022; Kurtz-Nelson et al., 2023).