TNF and Alzheimer disease: In individuals with AD, CD8+TEMRA cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFNγ, TNF-α, and cytotoxic factors (NKG7, GZMA, and B2M), which lead to a decline in cognitive function and exacerbate the symptoms of AD (Carbone et al., 2014; Gate et al., 2020; Kang and Liu, 2020; Tiwari et al., 2021).