In turn, low HB also triggers elevated inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and certain interleukins (ILs), while it can upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and CXC chemokine receptors, all of which increase the risk of postoperative brain injury in patients after revascularization (30–33). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is injury.