Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) overexpression facilitates tumor growth and invasiveness through various pathways including Rho-GTPases, Rho-kinase, PI3-kinase, PLC, and COX-2 (73, 80).TFF1-induced cellular invasion is dependent on the EGFR signaling pathway.TFF1 indirectly activates EGFR, through a mechanism involving the transactivation of EGFR using G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (73)TFF1 can also increase invasiveness through Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor/PLC - dependent mechanisms. Here, HSPG2 is linked to neoplasm.