NEFL and Cognitive impairment: Existing studies have shown that molecular biomarkers such as homocysteine (Hcy), High-sensitivity C-reaction protein (hs-CRP), Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, and neurofilament light chain (NfL), may be strongly associated with cognitive impairment in CSVD (Cao and Sun, 2022; Liu et al., 2023; van Gennip et al., 2023).