LTF and infection: Conversely, although the immunopathogenesis of the leptospiral infection in the genital tract remains unclear, it has been demonstrated that bovine cervicovaginal mucus contains high levels of immune-active proteins such as immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin, and lysozyme, which protect against infection by blocking adhesion and mediating microbial killing (Adnane et al., 2018).