Studies conducted on mice with colitis have demonstrated that intact CPP is more efficacious in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), IL-1β, and TNF-α than a single CPP extract (Kawabata et al., 2018; Tinh et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and colitis.