PDK1 and breast cancer: However, in a study designed to assess whether the PI3K pathway, a modifier of the mTOR pathway, differentiates BC from GC, it was found that, when compared to GC, BC showed elevated upstream modifiers of TSC1 and TSC2, p-PDK1 and p-Akt, but similar levels of TSC1/TSC2 markers downstream the pS6 marker, suggesting recruitment of different factors in the molecular pathogenesis of GC in cortical tubers vs. BC in FCDIIb (Schick et al., 2007a).