However, in a study designed to assess whether the PI3K pathway, a modifier of the mTOR pathway, differentiates BC from GC, it was found that, when compared to GC, BC showed elevated upstream modifiers of TSC1 and TSC2, p-PDK1 and p-Akt, but similar levels of TSC1/TSC2 markers downstream the pS6 marker, suggesting recruitment of different factors in the molecular pathogenesis of GC in cortical tubers vs. BC in FCDIIb (Schick et al., 2007a). The gene discussed is PIK3CA; the disease is breast cancer.