TLR4 and myocarditis: As mentioned earlier, the immune profile that increases CVB3 myocarditis in male mice at day 10 pi has been extensively studied and is known to involve several key pathways including activation of both mast cells and macrophages by complement, TLR2, TLR4/IL-1 receptor, and inflammasome pathways that lead to elevated IL-1β levels and increased remodeling/fibrosis.