TNF and inflammation: Jiang et al. (2023) reported that treatment with imperatorin inhibited the expression of IL-12p40, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages. Kundu et al. (2024) found that administration of imperatorin (10 mg/kg) alleviated renal inflammation in diabetic mice with kidney injury by reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and phosphorylated NF-κB (p65) protein.