As the incidence of diabetes has increased, new drug classes, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, have been rapidly developed and widely applied (Ahmad et al., 2022). Here, DPP4 is linked to diabetes mellitus.