TLR4 and Cognitive impairment: Previous studies align with our findings, indicating that glycyrrhizin modulates inflammation, oxidative stress, and related processes via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, benefiting neurological disorders such as cerebral ischemia (Li et al., 2020; Yan et al., 2019), cognitive impairment (Kong et al., 2017; Yu M. et al., 2019), and neurotoxicity (Gendy et al., 2023; Tian et al., 2015).