In RS, participants assigned to cluster U had significantly (p < 0.05) higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, HDL_c, triglycerides, glucose and insulin levels, insulin resistance, SBP, and, were more often diagnosed with T2D and hypertension, lower diet quality scores, higher smoking rate, relatively lower education level, and were more often users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and lipid-lowering medication (p < 0.05). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.