,10 The TME plays a pivotal role in various lung cancer processes, including initiation, progression, therapeutic resistance, invasion, metastasis, immune evasion, and responses to targeted therapies; these processes involve a spectrum of altered stromal cells.11, 12, 13 CAFs, a diverse group of cells and primary components of the surrounding stroma,14 promote fibrosis and ECM remodeling to enhance deposition and structural changes,15,16 and possess dual roles in tumor dynamics, either by promoting or inhibiting tumor growth through various mechanisms. Here, TBX1 is linked to neoplasm.