PIK3CA and breast carcinoma: Pathway enrichment analysis (Fig. 10E) demonstrated the involvement of these genes in cancer-related pathways, including “melanoma,” “gastric cancer,” “breast cancer,” and “proteoglycans in cancer.” Other significant pathways included the “PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,” “MAPK signaling pathway,” and “ECM-receptor interaction,” which are known to play pivotal roles in oncogenesis, cell adhesion, and survival.