TNF and insomnia: In states of insomnia, levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α are typically elevated, and SOCS3 helps alleviate inflammation by inhibiting these signaling pathways.[53] Whereas other studies have shown that decreased SOCS3 expression induced apoptosis,[54] SOCS3 overexpression reduced apoptosis.[55] By regulating the expression of SOCS3, it may be possible to improve the inflammatory and apoptosis state associated with insomnia, leading to positive clinical outcomes.