In this section, we will discuss the significance of phosphorylation modifications on several substrate proteins, including members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases family, small mothers against decapentaplegic, dynamin-related protein 1, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and nuclear factor-kappa B, particularly concerning their roles in BPD (Figure 1A). This evidence concerns the gene DNM1L and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.