For example, SENP3 induces de-SUMOylation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), activating JNK and promoting M1 macrophage polarization and tissue factor-mediated coagulation cascade, leading to lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI in mice (72, 73). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and acute respiratory distress syndrome.