PPARGC1A and diabetic kidney disease: In addition to the known key factors, SIRT1 and AMPK, that regulate PGC-1α, cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB), an upstream signal, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by activating PGC-1α, which has been verified in bronchial asthma (Wang H. et al., 2019), neurodegenerative diseases (Yang et al., 2020), and diabetic nephropathy (Chen et al., 2022).