Furthermore, hsCRP, GDF-15, and VCAM-1 were all significantly associated with the presence of OCAD, but only VCAM-1 was associated with NOCAD, which might indicate the involvement of endothelial dysfunction in the development of the angina symptoms seen in NOCAD patients and may thus be a valuable tool in identifying NOCAD. The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is angina pectoris.