GFAP and brain injury: Figure 7 shows that rats with eEPC1-exosome treatment had a significant reduction in the number of GFAP-positive and IBA1-positive cells (glia and astrocyte markers, respectively, *p < 0.05) in the right motor cortex (stroke infarct) region as compared to the saline control group. The neuronal marker, NeuN, increased in eEPC1-exosome treated animals after MCAO (*p < 0.01), providing evidence that exosomes may reduce inflammatory cascade events in ischemic brain injury and increase neuronal survival.