Interestingly, higher P4HA1 protein levels were observed in D-hpCAFs compared to ND-hpCAFs (Fig. 3A), paralleled by increased mRNA levels of Col1A1, Col3A1, and Col5A1 (Fig. 3B), suggesting similar molecular alterations associated with metabolic syndrome observed in the orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model fed with HFD (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Here, COL1A1 is linked to metabolic syndrome.