PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: A subsequent study focusing on patients with specific solid tumors including metastatic gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (NCT04264975) provided additional evidence supporting the positive role of FMT.36 Among 13 patients receiving anti-PD-1 therapy, FMT induced sustained microbiome changes and clinical benefits in 6 patients (46.2%), with one achieving partial response and five maintaining stable disease.