Specifically, TLR4 activation induces enterocyte demise through mechanisms of apoptosis,226–228 autophagy,229–231 and necroptosis,232 concurrently hindering mucosal repair233,234 and cellular proliferation.221,222 The cumulative impact of these pathological processes results in irreversible harm to the intestinal mucosa, signifying a defining feature of NEC’s pathogenesis. Here, TLR4 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.