TGFB1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: In recent years, numerous studies have investigated blood, fecal, and urine biomarkers for NEC, intending to enable timely identification and diagnosis through their inflammatory profiles.43 Common nonspecific markers include serum amyloid A (SAA), serum levels of C5a, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10,44 all of which play important roles in the pathogenesis of NEC.