TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Recent studies have identified several molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the initiation and progression of lung fibrosis, YAP1’s role in alleviating sepsis-induced ALI by inhibiting ferroptosis and the effects of TNF-α inhibition of pulmonary capillary endothelial permeability (Thiery et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2022; Fang et al., 2018).