Chen has also found upregulation of TGF‐β1 in the middle cerebral artery of patients with MMD, and has shown that TGF‐β1 can upregulate the expression of VEGF to promote angiogenesis in ECs by activating the TGF‐β signaling pathway in vitro.54 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is multiminicore myopathy.