By examining the relationship between CSS and the p53/p21/DREAM axis, we found that tumors proficient in TP53 or exhibiting higher CDKN1A (which encodes p21) expression, along with those containing components of the DREAM complex, had elevated senescence scores across many cancer types such as stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) (Fig. 2F and Fig. S2D and E). Here, CDKN1A is linked to invasive breast carcinoma.